A Feathered Montage: Discovering India’s Diverse State Birds

Soaring through lush green forests, skimming local lakes, or calling across the great valleys, India boasts a remarkable diversity of birds in an array of shapes and sizes. Over 1300 species of birds take flight within the country's borders and each one plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance of the nation's ecosystem and biodiversity. In this blog, we explore avian wonders from each state and understand their significance. Let’s dive right in!

 

NORTH

The Black-necked Crane: Ladakh

Ladakh takes pride in the elegant Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) as its state bird. First spotted in Ladakh in 1919, this graceful bird holds deep cultural significance. For centuries, local communities have revered these cranes as symbols of good luck and resilience, fostering a harmonious relationship with them. Their presence amidst Ladakh's rugged landscape serves as a reminder of the importance of ecological balance.

 

The Kalij Pheasant: Jammu and Kashmir

The Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), adorned with vibrant plumage and distinctive grey legs, was declared the state bird of Jammu and Kashmir in October 2021. Locally known as "Wan Kokur," this bird thrives in the forests of both Jammu and Kashmir regions. While classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, some subspecies face population decline. Found across South Asia, the Kalij Pheasant adds a touch of color and grace to the region's rich biodiversity.

 

The Indian Grey Hornbill: Chandigarh

Chandigarh, a planned city, has chosen a bird that thrives amidst its urban landscape - the Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris). This large, non-migratory bird is often seen in pairs, gracefully navigating the city's green spaces. Known as "Ghusar Dhanesh" in Hindi and "Dhan Chidi" in Punjabi, the Indian Grey Hornbill is a familiar sight for Chandigarh residents.

 

The Himalayan Monal: Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand's state bird, the Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus), is a breathtaking spectacle. With its vibrant plumage of blues, greens, and reds in males and contrasting browns in females, this pheasant embodies the beauty of the Himalayas. The Himalayan Monals are designated as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, but their population trend is decreasing. Hunting and habitat loss are the significant threats that the avians face and a lack of adequate studies hampers the understanding of these threats. Being ground-dwelling birds, monals are impacted significantly by other anthropogenic factors such as habitat degradation and pollution. They are also frequently hunted for their colourful feathers and their crests which are considered symbols of authority.

 

The Sarus Crane: Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh proudly declares the Sarus Crane (Grus antigone) as its state bird. This elegant crane, known for its graceful dances, is found across the Indian subcontinent. The Sarus Crane's selection highlights the state's commitment to protecting wetlands, which are crucial for this bird's survival. In 1743, English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the Sarus Crane in his book: A Natural History of Uncommon Birds because of its striking appearance and limited sightings at the time.

 

The Great Indian Bustard: Rajasthan

Rajasthan boasts the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) as its state bird. This magnificent bird, once a contender for national bird status, faces a critical fight for survival. Habitat loss and hunting have driven its population to a dangerously low level. Efforts like "Project Great Indian Bustard" offer a glimmer of hope. Through protected breeding grounds, captive breeding programs, and community collaboration, Rajasthan is striving to ensure this majestic bird continues to grace its skies.

 

The Northern Goshawk: Punjab

The Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), also known as "Baj" or "Baaz" in Punjabi, adorns Punjab's state emblem. This majestic bird, revered for its strength and tenacity, is believed to have been a companion of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru. Sadly, the Northern Goshawk's presence in Punjab is now a matter of debate. Habitat loss and environmental degradation have likely pushed it to the brink of disappearance within the state's borders. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure this symbol of power doesn't vanish altogether.

 

The Western Tragopan: Himachal Pradesh

Nestled in the majestic Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, the Western Tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) unfolds its breathtaking beauty. Locally called Jujurana, this pheasant boasts a kaleidoscope of colors – crimson, chestnut, and black – earning it the title of "king of birds." Sadly, its population has been facing challenges due to habitat loss and hunting. However, there’s a glimmer of hope through conservation efforts that have ensured the survival of this magnificent bird, including reintroduction programs into its natural habitat. According to a report by Himachal Pradesh’s Wildlife Wing, the population of the bird has increased from 2 in 2002 to over 45 in 2024.

 

The Black Francolin: Haryana

Hidden amidst Haryana's fields and scrublands resides the Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus). This shy bird, also known as Kala Teetar in Hindi, prefers to remain unseen. Once a popular gamebird, hunting of the Black Francolin is now prohibited. Its black and white patterned plumage offers camouflage in its grassy habitat. The Black Francolin serves as a reminder of the delicate balance between human activity and wildlife conservation.

 

NORTH EAST

The Green Imperial Pigeon: Tripura

The Green Imperial Pigeon (Ducula aenea) graces the state emblem of Tripura. This large, arboreal bird boasts a beautiful green coat and thrives in the state's rich forests. Classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, the Green Imperial Pigeon serves as a reminder of the importance of protecting these vital ecosystems.

 

The Blood Pheasant: Sikkim

Sikkim's state bird, the Blood Pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), is a dazzling bird found in the Himalayas, spanning China, Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. Habitat loss, fragmentation, hunting, and human disturbance endanger over half the population. Livestock grazing, a major issue in giant panda habitats, also disrupts Blood Pheasant nesting grounds. Their ground-dwelling habits and long incubation periods make them particularly vulnerable. Sikkim's commitment to nature conservation is crucial to ensure the Blood Pheasant continues to thrive in its vibrant mountain home.

 

Blyth's Tragopan: Nagaland

The Blyth's Tragopan, a magnificent pheasant, adorns Nagaland as its state bird. Researchers conducted a study between April 2009 and December 2010 to understand the bird's status in the region. They interviewed elders and hunters in 269 villages, gathering valuable insights into the bird's presence, habitat needs, and the local community's perspective. While 83 villages reported sightings, with 25% considering it fairly common, another 27% sadly witnessed its local disappearance. Interestingly, local ecological knowledge about the bird aligned well with existing scientific data. However, recent studies involving local communities offer a glimmer of hope and suggests more sightings in recent times. This data is crucial for developing long-term conservation plans, ensuring the continued survival of this beautiful bird in Nagaland.

 

Mrs. Hume's Pheasant: Manipur and Mizoram

Named after Mary Ann Grindall Hume, wife of the famed ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume, Mrs. Hume's Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) graces the state bird title of Manipur and Mizoram. First documented by Hume himself during an 1881 expedition, this majestic bird now finds itself listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Habitat loss due to deforestation, expanding agriculture, and infrastructure development have limited its domain, fragmenting essential food and nesting grounds. Furthermore, hunting and poaching for meat, feathers, and trophies continue to pose a significant danger.

 

White-winged Wood Duck: Assam

In 2003, the White-winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata) was declared the state bird of Assam, a move aimed at raising awareness for its dwindling population. Known as Deo Hans in Assamese, this gregarious bird thrives in heavily forested areas.

The breeding season for the White-winged Wood Duck falls between July and October, with nests built in tree holes. Sadly, this beautiful bird finds itself classified as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and disturbance. Conservation efforts are underway, with short-term studies and awareness programs aiming to secure a brighter future for this feathered gem.

These are just a glimpse of India's magnificent state birds. Each one tells a story of beauty, cultural significance, and the delicate balance of our ecosystem. Let's celebrate these feathered ambassadors and work towards ensuring their survival for generations to come.

 

EAST

The White-throated Kingfisher: West Bengal

West Bengal proudly declares the White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) as its state bird. This brightly colored bird, classified as large for its kingfisher kin, stuns with its contrasting plumage. A vibrant blue adorns its back, wings, and tail, while its chest and throat boast a crisp white. The West Bengal government actively protects this dazzling bird by including it in Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act, recognizing its importance to the ecosystem.

 

The Asian Koel: Jharkhand and Puducherry

The melodious calls of the Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) resonate across India, including Jharkhand and Puducherry, where it is the state bird. This large, long-tailed cuckoo is known for its beautiful song and its unique breeding strategy – laying its eggs in the nests of other birds. A symbol in Indian culture, the Asian Koel features in myths, folklore, and poetry. Its presence reminds us of the intricate relationships within the natural world.

 

The Hill Myna: Chhattisgarh and Meghalaya

Soaring through the forests and hills of Chhattisgarh and Meghalaya is the Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa peninsularis). This species is placed under the endangered species category and is accorded the highest degree of protection in India under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. Hill mynahs are known for their ability to mimic various sounds and play an essential role in the regeneration of forests by dispersing seeds in the areas. With an average life span of about 8 years, these birds fetch a price as high as Rs. 15, 000 per pair in the black market.

 

The House Sparrow: Bihar and Delhi

The common sight of a House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) flitting outside our windows might soon hold a deeper meaning in Bihar. The state government is actively considering declaring this little brown bird its state bird, aiming to raise awareness for its declining population.

House Sparrows are incredibly adaptable, thriving near human settlements. Their constant presence can make them seem ordinary, but their ability to coexist with humans is a testament to their resilience. Sadly, their numbers are dwindling due to factors like habitat loss. Bihar's potential decision to designate the House Sparrow as its state bird could be a crucial step towards its conservation. While most of the nations do not protect the House Sparrow by law, India has taken a commendable step towards protecting this species and calling it the State Bird of its capital, Delhi as well.

 

SOUTH

The Andaman Wood Pigeon: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The Andaman Wood Pigeon (Columba palumboides) graces the emblem of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This unique bird is endemic to the island chain, meaning it's found nowhere else on Earth. Classified as "Near Threatened" by the IUCN, conservation efforts are crucial for this beautiful pigeon with its distinctive features. A checkerboard pattern on its neck, a reddish-tinged bill with a yellow tip, and a purplish eye ring set it apart, making it a captivating addition to the islands' biodiversity.

 

The Emerald Dove: Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu's state bird, the Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica), is also known as Panchavarna Pura (meaning "five-colored dove") in Tamil. This shy bird, with its iridescent green plumage, holds a special place in Tamil culture. While its population is declining, it's not currently endangered. The reasons behind its selection as the state bird are not entirely clear, but its beauty and cultural significance likely played a role. It is typical for states to give endemic or endangered species such status in order to ensure their protection. Though the Emerald Dove population is currently declining, it was not an endangered species a decade ago. 

 

The Indian Roller: Karnataka, Odisha, Telangana

The Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis) graces the skies of Karnataka, Odisha, and Telangana as their state bird. This majestic bird stuns with its resplendent blue plumage, shimmering with hints of purple and green. Even though it was colloquially termed 'blue jay’ in British India, the International Ornithologists' Union has designated ‘The Indian Roller’ the official common name for the species because of their striking resemblance. Considered sacred by Hindus, the Indian Roller is a common sight on Indian power lines and poles. Sadly, its hunting for sport and food poses a threat to its numbers in the wild.

 

Rose-ringed Parakeet: Andhra Pradesh

In 2018, the Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the Rama Chiluka, chirped its way to becoming the official state bird of Andhra Pradesh. This cheerful bird, with its dazzling green plumage, holds a special place in the hearts of the state's poets and lyricists.

Beyond its beauty, the Rama Chiluka is a social butterfly. These medium-sized parrots, sexually dimorphic (males have red and black neck rings, while females and young lack them), are popular pets known for their ability to mimic human speech. Their diet is a delightful mix of buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.

 

The Great Hornbill: Kerala & Arunachal Pradesh

Soaring through the skies of both Arunachal Pradesh and Kerala is the magnificent Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). This impressive bird, with its massive yellow horn on its beak (casque), is a captivating sight. While the exact reason for its selection as a state bird remains unclear, its ecological significance is undeniable.

The Great Hornbill plays a vital role in seed dispersal, ensuring the health of forest ecosystems. This colorful bird also holds cultural significance for many Indian tribes, who believe its flesh possesses medicinal properties. Sadly, despite its impressive size, the Great Hornbill faces threats from hunting and habitat loss.

 

The Sooty Tern: Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep's state bird, the Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscatus), is known locally as "Karifettu." These dark-feathered birds are perfectly adapted to life in tropical oceans, finding ideal nesting grounds in Lakshadweep's pristine islands. With an average lifespan of 32 years, these tireless travelers paint the skies with their graceful flight. However, illegal egg trade poses a threat to their population, highlighting the need for conservation efforts.

 

WEST

The Flame-throated Bulbul: Goa

A splash of color graces the lush forests of Goa – the Flame-throated Bulbul (Pycnonotus gularis). This vibrant bird, with its fiery red throat and melodious calls, has captivated the hearts of Goans for generations.

Interestingly, the story behind its selection as the state bird stretches back to 1972. During a bird survey, renowned ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali identified the Flame-throated Bulbul as a prominent resident and recommended it as Goa's avian ambassador. Since then, this little songbird has not only held the title of state bird but also served as the mascot for the 2020 National Games.

 

The Indian Paradise Flycatcher: Madhya Pradesh

Known as Doodhraj in Madhya Pradesh, the Indian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) is the state's avian ambassador. These birds, with their long, extravagant tails and vibrant feathers, prefer densely wooded areas. Their presence in Madhya Pradesh serves as a reminder of the importance of protecting forests. The paradise flycatcher's unique parenting techniques and fascinating strategies for survival have even been featured in the works of renowned author Satyajit Ray.

 

The Greater Flamingos: Gujarat

A spectacle awaits visitors to the Great Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat – a vibrant ballet of pink. The Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), with its elegant stature and rosy plumage, graces the state as its avian ambassador. These social birds, known for their synchronized movements while feeding, require specific habitats like shallow lagoons and mudflats. Sadly, they are sensitive to noise during breeding and susceptible to habitat loss. Their presence in Gujarat highlights the importance of wetland conservation.

 

The Yellow-footed Green Pigeon: Maharashtra

Maharashtra's state bird, the Yellow-footed Green Pigeon (Treron phoenicoptera), was chosen in 2004 for its popularity, cultural significance, and ecological value. This gentle bird, also called Hariyal in Marathi, is often associated with Hindu deities like Vishnu and Krishna. The Yellow-footed Green Pigeon's selection as the state bird highlights Maharashtra's commitment to preserving its rich biodiversity and natural heritage.

 

It is evident that India’s vast and beautiful avian landscape is bustling with biodiversity. These feathered ambassadors not only tell stories about the regions they come from but also play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. As we celebrate World Environment Day, let us remember that protecting these birds is not just about safeguarding a beautiful natural heritage, but also about ensuring the health of our ecosystems for generations to come. Every action we take, from responsible waste management to supporting conservation efforts and travelling sustainably contributes to a future where India's wildlife continues to thrive!